A Study of Intra-Religious Factors of Secularization in Catholicism

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Religions and Mysticism, University of Tehran, Tehran

2 PhD Candidate, Christian Theology in Comparative Study of Religions, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom

Abstract

Using the descriptive-analytic method, this article aims to identify intra-religious factors involved in secularization within Catholicism. The research findings are included into three categories: the historical-inherited background, the biblical and theological background, and religious intra-structural factors (the institution of religion). Given that because of the church-oriented structure of Catholicism the community of believers had been more linked to the most tangible manifestation and external representative of religion i.e. the institution of religion than to theology and the historical background of the religion, the wrong performance of the institution played a more crucial part in discrediting religion than the two other factors.

Keywords


Adamiyyat Firiydun. 2009. The Ideology of The Iranian Constitutional Movement (Idi’uluzhi-yi Nihzat-i Mashrutiyat-i Iran). Tehran: Gustari Publications. [in Farsi]
Azad, Taktum. 2014. The Role of Islamic Civilization in Rational Renaissance of Europe during Transition from Middle Ages to Modern Times (Naqsh-i Tamaddun-i Islami dar Runisans-i Aqli-yi Urupa: Tiy-yi Guzar az Qurun-i Vusta bi Asr-i Jadid). Tehran: Sipidi Bavaran Publications. [in Farsi]
Baqa’i, Muhammad. 2002. “Modern Necessities in Religious Reconstruction. (Zarurat-ha-yi Nuvin dar Bazsazi-yi Dini).” Baztab-i Andishi, no. 25: 22-24. [in Farsi]
Barker, Eileen. 1993. Secularization, Rationalism and Sectarianism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Beckford, J. A. 2003. Social Theory & Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berger, Peter 1967. The Sacred Canopy‌: The Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion. Garden City‌: Doubleday.
Chaves, M. A. 1991. “Secularization in the Twentieth-Century United States.” unpublished PhD diss., Harvard University.
Crockett, Clayton. 2001. Secular Theology: American Radical Theology Thought, London & New York: Routledge.
Dobbelaere, K. 1988. “Secularization, Pillarization, Religious Involvement and Religious Change in the Low Countries.” In Gannon (ed.), New York: World Catholicism in Transition.
Durant, Will. 2008. The Story of Civilization Vol. 4. Translated by Abulqasim Tahiri. Tehran: Ilimi-Farhangi Publications. [in Farsi]
Durant, Will. 2008. The Story of Civilization Vol. 6. Translated by Firiydun Badri’i and Suhail Azari. Tehran: Ilmi-Farhangi Publications. [in Farsi]
Eliade, Mircea. 2018.  Culture And Religion. Translated by Baha’uddin Khurramshahi. Tehran: Tarh-i Naqd Publications. [in Farsi]
Foster, Michael. 1997. Masters of Political Thought. Translated by Javad Shaikh al-Islami. Tehran: Amirkabir Publications. [in Farsi]
Fromm, Erich. 1984. Psychoanalysis And Religion. Translated by Armin Nazarian. Tehran: Murvarid Publications. [in Farsi]
 
Longdon. 1974. Catholicism Confronts Modernity. New York: The Seabury Press
Gilkey, Grenz, Stanley J. 2011. 20th Century Theology: God and The World in A Transitional Age. Translated by Robert Asiriyan. Tehran: Mahi Publications. [in Farsi]
Habermas, Jurgen. 2013. The Postnational Constellation. Tehran: Markaz Publications. [in Farsi]
Hadina, Mahbubi. 2011. The Origins of Christian Theology in Medieval Gnostic and Platonic Schools (Rishi-ha-yi Ilahiyyat-i Masihi dar Makatib-i Ginusi va Aflatuni-yi Miyani). Qom: Religions and Denominations University Publications. [in Farsi]
Hajjariyan, Sa’id. 2001. from The Beautiful of The Heavens to the Beautiful of The Bazar. Tehran: Tarh-i Naw Publications. [in Farsi]
Hamilton, Malcolm. The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. Translated by Muhsin Sulasi. Tehran: Tibyan Publications. [in Farsi]
Hans, Kung. 2005. The Catholic Church: A Short History. Translated by Hassan Qanbari. Qom: The Center for The Studies of Religions and Denominations. [in Farsi]
Hegel, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm. 2011. The Positivity of The Christian Religion. Translated by Baqir Parham. Tehran: Agah Publications. [in Farsi]
Hobbes, Thomas. 2005. Leviathan. Translated by Hussein Bashiriyyih. Tehran: Nay Publications. [in Farsi]
Ilkhani, Muhammad. 2003. A History of Philosophy: The Middle Ages and Renaissance (Tarikh-i Falsafi dar Qurun-i Vusta va Runisans). Tehran: Samt Publications. [in Farsi]
Inglehart, Ronald. 2008. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Translated by Maryam Vitr. Tehran: Kavir Publications. [in Farsi]
Isma’ilpur. Abulqasim. 2008. Myth: Symbolic Expression (Usturi: Bayan-i Nimadin). Tehran: Surush Publications. [in Farsi]
Jaspers, Karl. 2014. Nietzsche and Christianity. Translated by Izzatullah Fulladvand. Tehran: Mahi Publications.
Jodock, Darrell. 2000. Catholicism Contending with Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kuhlman Karl. 2011. Religion: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Translated by: Maryam Ibrahimi, Tehran: Iran Azad Publications. [in Farsi]
Lane, Tony. 2007. A Concise History of Christian Thought. Translated by Robert Asirian. Tehran: Furuzan Publications. [in Farsi]
Leje, Daniel Eruyu et al. Religion in Modern Societies: Essays on Sociology of Religion. Translated by Aliriza Khuddami. Tehran: Nay Publications. [in Farsi]
Macquarrie, John. 1996. Twentieth Century Religious Thought. Translated by Muhammad Muhammadriza’i. Tehran: The Publishing House for Islamic Propagation.  [in Farsi]
Madadpur, Muhammad. 2008. The Journey of Contemporary Thought (Sair-i Tafakkur-i Mu’asir) Vo.2. Tehran: Suri-yi Mihr Publications. [in Farsi]
McGrath, Alister E. 2008. Reformation Thought: An Introduction. Translated by Bihruz Haddadi. Qom: Religions and Denominations University Publications. [in Farsi]
Mujtahid Shabistari, Muhammad. 2004. A Human Interpretation of Religion (Qira’at-i Insani az Din). Tehran: Tarh-i Naw Publications. [in Farsi]
Mutahhari, Murtiza. 1989. The Causes of The Trend towards Materialism (Ilal-i Girayish bi Maddigari). Tehran: Sadra Publications. [in Farsi]
Nikdil, Javad. 2014. A Comparative Study of The Thought of Divine Kingdom of Heaven (Barrisi-yi Tatbiqi-yi Andishi-yi Malakut-i Khuda). Qom: The Publishing House of Imam Khomeini Institute for Education and Research. [in Farsi]
Oberman, Heiko A. 2005. Luther: Man Beween God and Devil. Translated by Fariduddin Radmihr. Tehran: Chishmi Publications. [in Farsi]
O'Grady, Joan. 2005. Early Christian Heresies. Translated by Abdulrrahim Ardistani. Qom: Taha Publications. [in Farsi]
Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. 2010. New York: Oxford University Press.
Park, Milton. 2005. Roman Catholicism: The Basics. Routledge.
Rasti Tabar, Siyyid Rahim. 2014. Secularism from Rise to Fall (Sikularism az Zuhur ta Suqut). Tehran: Research Center for Islamic Sciences and Culture. [in Farsi]
Smith, Graeme. 2008. A Short History of Secularism, New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
Spiegel, Fuggle. 2008. A History of Western Civilization. Translated by Muhammad Hussein Ariya. Tehran: Amirkabir Publications. [in Farsi]
 
Tabataba’i, Siyyid Javad. 2001. An Introduction to The Theory of Decline of Iran (Dibachi-i bar Nazariyyih-yi Inhitat-i Iran). Tehran: Minu-yi Khirad Publications. [in Farsi]
Tabataba’i, Siyyid Javad. 2003. A History of Modern Political Thought in Europe (Tarikh-i Andishi-yi Siyasi-yi Jadid dar Urupa). Tehran: Minu-yi Khirad Publications. [in Farsi]
The Bible (Kitab-i Muqaddas). [in Farsi]
Van Den Broek, Roelof. 2006. “Gnosticism I: Gnostic Religion.” In Dictionary of Gnosis &Western Esotericism, edited by Wouter J. Hanegraaff, and Koninklijke Brill NV. Leiden: The Netherlands.
Weaver, Mary Jo. 2014. Introduction to Christianity. Translated by Hassan Qanbari. Qom: Religions and Denominations University Publications. [in Farsi]
Wilm, Jean-Paul. 2007. Sociology of Religions. Translated by Abdurrahim Guvahi. Tehran: Ilm Publications. [in Farsi]
Wilson, Bryan R. “Secularism.” In Culture and Religion, edited By Mircea Eliade. Translated by Murtiza As’adi. Tehran: Tarh-i Naw. [in Farsi]
Wilson, Bryann. 1999. Christianity. Great Britain: Routledge.